• Destination image, attitudes, and perceived impacts shape marketing strategy and visitor experiences; studies link tourist perceptions, social-psychological determinants, and resident attitudes to destination desirability [2], [5], [6], [10], [13], [14].

• Market segmentation and purpose-driven travel patterns underpin early destination marketing, distinguishing near-home and distant travelers and spatio-temporal activity to tailor messaging [3], [7], [17].

• Marketing theory and practice provide the backbone for tourism brand-building and management, integrating consumer research with service marketing and strategic positioning [9], [11], [18], [20].

• Economic development and sustainability frames examine tourism as a development driver, considering growth, environmental constraints, and local impacts in places like Santa Marta and Antarctica [4], [5], [6], [8].

• Cultural tourism, urban heritage, and tourist experience shape attractions and urban spaces; studies examine cultural facilities as attractions and the social psychology of cultural tourism [2], [12], [13].